Linearization and reduction of modulated optical insertion loss for quadrature optical modulator

ABSTRACT

An optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator and method that can simultaneously linearize in-phase and quadrature components of optically modulated optical signals and reduce the modulated optical insertion loss (MOIL) by in-phase addition of the in-phase and quadrature components of an amplitude and/or phase modulated optical signal using two high-speed phase modulators embedded in the optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/559,962filed Sep. 4, 2019, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/727,979 entitled “Linearization and Reduction ofModulated Optical Insertion Loss for Quadrature Optical Modulator”,filed on Sep. 6, 2018. The entire contents of both are hereinincorporated by reference.

INTRODUCTION

Unless otherwise indicated herein, the materials described herein arenot prior art to the claims in the present application and are notadmitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.

A modulated light wave is often used in high-speed optical communicationsystems to carry digital information from a sender to a receiver. Inmany systems, information is sent using both amplitude and phasemodulation schemes. By using such techniques, in contrast toamplitude-only modulation, more information can be sent over the sameoptical frequency band. Examples include phase shift keying modulationtechniques, such as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and QuadraturePhase Shift Keying (QPSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)techniques, such as 8QAM, 16QAM and 64QAM realized using in-phase andquadrature modulator (IQM)

Insertion of an optical modulator, such as an IQM optical modulator, inan optical path creates insertion loss of the optical signal, thusimpacting subsequent transmissions and receptions of the modulatedsignal. Furthermore, conventional amplification techniques may result indistortion to the various transmission symbols as represented byconstellation points indicative of the modulated data. As such, there isa need for optical modulators with lower optical insertion loss and/orother features that improve the ability to receive the optical signalwith high fidelity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present teaching, in accordance with preferred and exemplaryembodiments, together with further advantages thereof, is moreparticularly described in the following detailed description, taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings. The skilled person in theart will understand that the drawings, described below, are forillustration purposes only. The drawings are not necessarily to scale,emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating principles ofthe teaching. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of theApplicant's teaching in any way.

FIG. 1 illustrates a known in-phase and quadrature (IQ) Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator system.

FIG. 2A illustrates a graph of a field transfer function (dashed line),a power transfer function (solid line), and an example operating pointfor a Mach-Zehnder modulator.

FIG. 2B illustrates a graph of a field transfer function (dashed line),a power transfer function (solid line), and another example operatingpoint for a Mach Zehnder modulator.

FIG. 2C illustrates a phase diagram representation of an output of aMach-Zehnder modulator.

FIG. 3A illustrates a phase diagram representing outputs from a knownin-phase and quadrature (IQ) superstructure modulator system.

FIG. 3B illustrates a constellation diagram for a Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator configured for 4QAM/QPSK operation.

FIG. 3C illustrates a table that includes a truth table and field andintensity values at the output for a Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator configured for 4QAM or QPSK modulation.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of an IQ Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator system of the present teaching.

FIG. 5A illustrates a table including a truth table, DC and AC biasphase, and field and intensity values at an output for an embodiment ofa Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator configured for 4QAM operation ofthe present teaching.

FIG. 5B illustrates a phase diagram representing the modulated outputsignal for an embodiment of a Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulatorconfigured for 4QAM operation of the present teaching and the output ofa known 4QAM-configured Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator.

FIG. 5C illustrates a constellation diagram representing the modulatedoutput signal for an embodiment of a Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator configured for 4QAM operation according to the presentteaching and the output of a known 4QAM-configured Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator.

FIG. 6A illustrates a constellation diagram representing the modulatedoutput signal for an embodiment of a Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator configured for 16QAM operation with 1V_(π) drive operatingpoint of the present teaching and a known 16QAM-configured Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator.

FIG. 6B illustrates a constellation diagram representing the modulatedoutput signal for an embodiment of a Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator configured for 16QAM operation with 2V_(π) drive of thepresent teaching and a known 16QAM-configured Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator.

FIG. 6C illustrates a constellation diagram representing the modulatedoutput signal for an embodiment of a Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator configured for 16QAM operation with 2V_(π) drive andlinearization of the present teaching and a known 16QAM-configuredMach-Zehnder superstructure modulator.

FIG. 7A illustrates a phase diagram for a 16QAM constellation.

FIG. 7B illustrates a table of symbols and associated phase andamplitude of the transmitted optical carrier representing the symbols ofthe phase diagram of FIG. 7A.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a dual-polarization IQ Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator system of the present teaching.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment”means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic describedin connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodimentof the teaching. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” invarious places in the specification are not necessarily all referring tothe same embodiment.

It should be understood that the individual steps of the methods of thepresent teachings may be performed in any order and/or simultaneously aslong as the teaching remains operable. Furthermore, it should beunderstood that the apparatus and methods of the present teachings caninclude any number or all of the described embodiments as long as theteaching remains operable.

The present teaching will now be described in more detail with referenceto exemplary embodiments thereof as shown in the accompanying drawings.While the present teachings are described in conjunction with variousembodiments and examples, it is not intended that the present teachingsbe limited to such embodiments. On the contrary, the present teachingsencompass various alternatives, modifications and equivalents, as willbe appreciated by those of skill in the art. Those of ordinary skill inthe art having access to the teaching herein will recognize additionalimplementations, modifications, and embodiments, as well as other fieldsof use, which are within the scope of the present disclosure asdescribed herein.

The present teaching describes a method to simultaneously linearize thein-phase and quadrature optical modulator and to reduce the modulatedoptical insertion loss (MOIL) by utilizing in-phase addition of thein-phase and quadrature components of an nQAM signal using twohigh-speed phase modulators embedded in a superstructure Mach-Zehndermodulator. Modulators of the present teaching may be realized in, forexample, Lithium Niobate, Indium Phosphide, Gallium Arsenide, andSilicon Photonics technology.

The system and method of the present teaching relates to thelinearization and/or reduction of modulated optical insertion loss(MOIL) for Mach-Zehnder-based in-phase quadrature optical modulators.More specifically, the systems and methods of the present teaching relyat least in part on the recognition that a coherent (phase-sensitive)optical signal combining approach can be used to reduce or eliminate theinherent modulated optical insertion loss present in knownMach-Zehnder-based in-phase quadrature optical modulators that rely on anon-coherent (phase-insensitive) optical signal combining approach. Thesystem and method can advantageously linearize an output modulatedoptical signal produced by a Mach-Zehnder-based on in-phase quadratureoptical modulator. Furthermore, the system and method of the presentteaching can advantageously control and/or improve the distance betweenpoints of an output modulated optical signal constellation produced by aMach-Zehnder-based in-phase quadrature optical modulator. This issometimes referred to as a Hamming distance.

FIG. 1 illustrates a known IQ Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulatorsystem 100. A light source 110 generates an optical signal. In someconfigurations, the generated optical signal may be, for example, acoherent optical light wave, also referred to as an optical carrier. Invarious configurations, the light source 110 may be a fixed wavelengthor a tunable wavelength light source. The light source 110 is connectedto an input 121 of a parent IQ Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator120. The optical signal at the input of the parent Mach-Zehndermodulator (MZM) 120 is split into two arms 112,114 of the parent MZM 120by an optical splitter 102. The first arm 112 includes a child MZM 130and the second arm 114 includes a child MZM 140. Child MZM 130 includestwo arms 123, 124, and child MZM 140 includes two arms 125, 126.

Each child MZM 130, 140 includes a pair of modulation electrodes 131,132, 141, 142, one for each arm 123, 124, 125, 126. Each child MZM 130,140 also includes a pair of bias electrodes 151, 152, 161, 162 one foreach arm 123, 124, 125, 126. The modulation and bias electrodes 131,132, 141, 142, 151, 152, 161, 162 are configured in a differential driveconfiguration, which is sometimes referred to as a push-pullconfiguration, which provides a positive signal to one arm 123, 125 anda negative signal to the other arm 124, 126 of each child MZM 130, 140.The equal and opposite drive configuration advantageously reduces thepeak voltage of a drive signal applied to the electrodes 131, 132, 141,142, 151, 152, 161, 162 in order to produce a phase difference betweenmodulated optical signals in arms 123, 124 or in arms 125, 126.

The modulation electrodes 131, 132, 141, 142 are connected to amodulation driver 106 that supplies RF modulation signals to arespective electrode 131, 132, 141, 142. For example, V_(RF_1_P)(t), thepositive RF modulation for the in-phase signal is applied to themodulation electrode 131 of child MZM 130 and V_(RF_1_N)(t), thenegative RF modulation for the in-phase signal is applied to themodulation electrode 132 of child MZM 130. The electrodes 131, 132impart a modulation phase on the optical signal passing through thefirst arm 112 based on the applied modulation signal. The biaselectrodes 151, 152, 161, 162 are connected to a bias driver 108 thatsupplies DC bias signals to respective bias electrodes 151, 152, 161,162. For example, V_(DC_1_P), the positive bias signal for the child MZM130 is applied to bias electrode 151 and V_(DC_1_N), the negative biassignal for the child MZM 130 is applied to bias electrode 152. In someconfigurations, the DC bias signals are configured to bias child MZM 130at a minimum transmission point and to bias the child MZM 140 at aminimum transmission point.

Optical signals from the two arms 112, 114 of the parent MZM 130 arecombined to generate a combined optical signal an output 122 by acombiner 103. The two arms 112,114 of the parent MZM 130 have biaselectrodes 171, 172 that are connected to a bias driver 109 thatsupplies positive and negative DC bias signals to the bias electrodes171, 172 to produce a bias phase for optical signals in each arm 112,114 of the parent MZM superstructure 120. In some configurations, the DCbias signals are configured to bias the parent MZM superstructure 120 ata quadrature point by generating a π/2 phase difference between theoptical signals generated in the first arm 112 and in the second arm114.

The bias drivers 108, 109 and the modulation driver 106 are controlledby controller 104. In various configurations, bias drivers 108, 109,modulation driver 106 and/or controller 104 are constructed from one ormore electrical circuits. In various configurations, the circuits cancomprise FPGAs, ASICs, DSPs, ADCs, DACs and/or other discrete componentsand/or circuits, alone or in combination.

In some configurations, the modulation driver 106 and bias driver 108are configured to produce ±1 DPSK modulation using RF modulation signalsand DC bias signals so that one child MZM 130 imparts a modulation phaseon an optical signal in response to a first modulation signal thatresults in an in-phase ±1 DPSK modulation on the optical signal passingthrough the first arm 112. The other child MZM 140 imparts a modulationphase on an optical signal in response to a second modulation signalthat results in a quadrature ±1 DPSK modulation on the optical signalpassing through the second arm 114. The parent MZM 120 multiplies thegenerated ±1 DPSK modulation in the second arm 114 by j by adding π/2phase shift, thereby converting it to a quadrature modulation. Theparent MZM 120 then adds the two DPSK modulations generated by the firstand second arms 112, 114 to generate a QPSK or 4QAM modulation in onepolarization.

The IQ MZM superstructure modulator system 100 may be used to implementmultiple amplitude and phase-based modulation schemes. The particularmodulation scheme depends on the particular multi-level signal withcertain peak-to-peak voltage applied to the modulating childMach-Zehnder modulators. For a superstructure Mach-Zehnder modulator,typically child Mach-Zehnder modulators are biased at the point ofminimum transmission while parent Mach-Zehnder modulator is biased atthe point of quadrature transmission.

FIG. 2A illustrates a graph 200 of a field transfer function (dashedline), a power transfer function (solid line), and an example operatingpoint for a Mach-Zehnder modulator. This graph illustrates an operatingpoint with a quadrature point bias 202, V_(bias)=V_(π)/2, and an appliedmodulation drive signal with a voltage swing 204 of V_(π) peak-to-peak.As shown by the solid line power transfer function, this operating pointbias 202 and voltage swing 204 provides an amplitude modulation from azero state (no power out) to a one state (full output power). The powertransfer function also illustrates how the quadrature point bias 202 isat the half power point of the modulator, which results in 3 dB inherentloss. Referring back to FIG. 1, similarly in some configurations, theparent Mach-Zehnder modulator 120 is biased at the point of quadraturetransmission to introduce π/2 phase shift in the Mach-Zehndersuperstructure.

FIG. 2B illustrates a graph 220 of a field transfer function (dashedline), a power transfer function (solid line), and another exampleoperating point for a Mach Zehnder modulator. The graph 220 illustratesa minimum transmission bias 222, where the Mach-Zehnder is biased fornominally zero optical signal at the output. An input modulation signalvoltage swing 224 of 2V_(π) peak-to-peak that produces a ±π phasetransition in the optical signal is shown from the field transferfunction curve. This operating point with a 2V_(π) voltage swing 224 ata minimum transmission operating point bias 222 also produces peakoutput power at each extreme of the applied voltage, as illustrated bythe power transfer curve. Referring back to FIG. 1, this operating pointmay be used to produce, for example BPSK and/or DPSK signals from childMach-Zehnder modulators 130 and 140.

FIG. 2C illustrates a phase diagram 240 representation of an output of aMach-Zehnder modulator. A phase diagram 240 helps to visualize thereachable signal space in the output of a Mach-Zehnder modulator. Thephase diagram 240 includes a real axis 242 and an orthogonal imaginaryaxis 244. The circle 245 illustrates unity amplitude transmission andphase excursions of the modulated output signal, which is represented bythe angle, ϕ, subtended from the positive real axis 242. A Mach-Zehndermodulator optical signal output generated by application of a phasemodulating signal may be represented by a phase angle 246, ϕ, and anamplitude 248, A. Four example output signal points 250, 252, 254, 256are shown as a specific example. Each of the points 250, 252, 254, 256have unity amplitude but different phases. Specifically, the phases are:ϕ=45° for output 250, ϕ=135° for output 252, ϕ=215° for output 252, andϕ=315° for output 252.

This set of four outputs 250, 252, 254, 256 can be demodulated in acoherent detector and thus information can be encoded on the opticalsignal by applying a modulating signal to realize one of theseparticular output points to code a particular symbol of the informationbeing transmitted. With four distinct output points 250, 252, 254, 256each point represents two bits of information encoded by a modulatingsignal. A modulation scheme relying on outputs with four differentphases and equal amplitudes is referred to as QPSK. Other modulationschemes are possible, including schemes that use outputs with differentamplitudes and different phases. Different amplitudes are represented bydifferent diameter circles in a phase diagram. Various embodiments ofthe system and method of the present teaching can apply to one or moreof these so-called coherent, or phase-sensitive, modulation schemes.

FIG. 3A illustrates a phase diagram 320 representing the outputs from aknown superstructure modulator system 100. To simplify the descriptionof the present teaching, assume that all splitters split the power inequal halves and that all combiners take the same amount of power fromeach contributing path. In some configurations, numerous other splittingand recombination ratios can be used. Also, excess losses owing to, forexample, material transmission losses of light through various elementsare not included in the analysis.

Referring to FIGS. 1, 2A-C and 3A, both the in-phase child MZM 130 andthe quadrature-phase child MZM 140 are biased at the point of minimumtransmission (e.g. as illustrated in FIG. 2B) in intensity and generatethe DPSK modulation by being driven by a modulating AC waveform with apeak voltage swing of ±1 V_(π) or peak-to-peak voltage swing of 2 V_(π).Further, the parent MZM 120 is biased at the quadrature point (e.g. asillustrated in FIG. 2A). This bias is provided differentially by the DCbias driver 109 that supplies V_(DC_P_P) to bias electrode 171 andV_(DC_P_N) to bias electrode 172. This bias shifts the phase in thesecond arm 114 by +90 degrees with respect to the first arm 112. Theresulting output signal is the constellation of points 334, 336, 338,340 shown in FIG. 3A. The quadrature bias point of the parent MZM 120inherently creates a 3 dB insertion loss since the in-phase andquadrature modulated signals are simultaneously present at the output ofthe superstructure modulator. This is clear from the power transferfunction of FIG. 2A.

The field at the output of the MZM superstructure system 100 may bedescribed mathematically as:

$E = {\frac{E_{0}}{\sqrt{2}}\left\lbrack {{\left( {\exp\left( {j\left( {{\varphi_{I}(t)} - \frac{\pi}{2}} \right)} \right)} \right)} \pm {{{\exp\left( {j\;{\Delta\Phi}} \right)} \cdot}\left( {\exp\left( {j\left( {{\varphi_{Q}(t)} - \frac{\pi}{2}} \right)} \right)} \right)}} \right\rbrack}$$E = {\frac{E_{0}}{\sqrt{2}}\left\lbrack {{\left( {\exp\left( {j\left( {{\varphi_{I}(t)} - \frac{\pi}{2}} \right)} \right)} \right)} \pm {{j \cdot}\left( {\exp\left( {j\left( {{\varphi_{Q}(t)} - \frac{\pi}{2}} \right)} \right)} \right)}} \right\rbrack}$${{{where}\mspace{14mu}{\varphi_{I}(t)}} = {\pi\frac{V_{I}(t)}{2V_{\pi}}}},{{V_{I}(t)} = {{{\pm V_{\pi}}\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{\varphi_{Q}(t)}} = {\pi\frac{V_{Q}(t)}{2V_{\pi}}}}},{{V_{Q}(t)} = {{{\pm V_{\pi}}\;{V_{I}(t)}} = {{V_{I}(t)} = {{V_{{{RF}\_ I}{\_ P}}(t)} - {V_{{{RF}\_ I}{\_ N}}(t)}}}}},{{V_{Q}(t)} = {{V_{Q}(t)} = {{V_{{{RF}\_ Q}{\_ P}}(t)} - {V_{{RF}_{Q_{N}}}(t)}}}},{{and}\mspace{14mu}{()}}$takes a real part of a complex signal within the parenthesis. Thevoltage V_(π), also referred to as V_(pi), is the drive voltage that isrequired to produce a phase shift of π rad on the optical signal. The ±1in the field corresponds to 0 or π rad phase shifts in the opticalE-field modulated at the output of the in-phase or first arm 112 of theparent MZM 120 due to the data modulation ϕ₁(t). The output points forV₁(t)=±V_(π) are shown as signal points 326, 330 in the phase diagram320 and produce a DPSK signal at the output of the child MZM 130.Similarly, the ±1 in the field corresponds to 0 or π rad phase shifts inthe optical E-field modulated at the output of the quadrature or secondarm 114 of the parent MZM 120 due to a data modulation ϕ_(Q)(t). Theoutput points for V_(Q)(t)=±V_(π) are represented by signal points328,332 in the phase diagram 320 and produce a DPSK signal at the outputof the child MZM 140. These two DPSK optical signals in each arm 112,114 of the parent MZM 120 are combined at the output. A quadrature biassignal from bias driver 109 is applied to the arms 112,114 via biaselectrodes 171, 172. Mathematically, this is the j that multiplies thefield for the quadrature modulated signal. The quadrature bias resultsin an additional phase difference of Δϕ=π/2, which orthogonalizes thetwo DPSK signals, producing the points of a QPSK constellation, points334, 336, 338, 340.

FIG. 3B illustrates a constellation diagram 350 for the Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator 100 as configured for 4QAM/QPSK operation. Thefour quadrature addition symbols are shown as points 334, 336, 338, 340.The points 334, 336, 338, 340 each exhibit a separation from the plotorigin of ±0.7±0.7j. Depending on the fidelity of the channel throughwhich the symbols are transceived, a received symbol may vary from theideal position of points 334, 336, 338, 340. The received signalfidelity is related to the ability of the receive processor to identifya symbol correctly. That is, to identify which of the four constellationpoints 334, 336, 338, 340 was sent. Accordingly, additional separationbetween symbols provides additional design margins.

As described above, the four constellation points allow encoding of twobits per symbol, or point 334, 336, 338, 340. FIG. 3C illustrates atable 300 that includes a truth table and field and intensity values atthe output for a Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator 100 as configuredfor 4QAM/QPSK operation. Table 300 illustrates the symbol, the phasemodulation signal value for the I modulator (child MZM 130) ϕ_(I)(t),the phase modulation signal value for the Q modulator (child MZM 140)ϕ_(Q)(t), the electric field, E, at the output of the parent MZM 120,and the intensity, I, at the output of the parent MZM 120.

The value of I=1.0 in the table 300 demonstrates the 3 dB inherent lossfrom the quadrature bias of the parent MZM 120. This is a manifestationof the fact that the in-phase and quadrature modulated signals aresimultaneously present independent of time at the output of the parentMZM 120. The quadrature addition combiner effectively “dumps” half ofthe intensity away from the output for each symbol transmitted intoMach-Zehnder superstructure substrate. Thus, these known configurationsof MZM superstructure modulator systems 100 have an inherent 3 dBmodulated optical insertion loss (MOIL).

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of an IQ Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator system 400 of the present teaching. The superstructuremodulator system 400 includes many of the same or similar components ofthe superstructure modulator system 100 described in connection withFIG. 1. One feature of the present teaching is that the superstructuremodulator system 400 reduces and/or eliminates the inherent MOIL in theknown superstructure modulator system 100 by using an AC bias scheme.The IQ Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator 400 has a light source 410that generates an optical signal, E_(in)(t) 421, that may be, forexample, an optical carrier. A parent MZM 420 includes two arms 412,414. The optical signal at the input of the parent MZM 420 is split intotwo arms 412, 414 of the parent MZM 420 by an optical splitter 408. Theoptical splitter 408 can be a 50/50 splitter or can have numerous othersplitting ratios in various embodiments. The first arm 412 includes achild MZM 430 and the second arm 414 includes another child MZM 440.Each child MZM 430, 440 includes a pair of arms 423, 424, 425, 426 witha respective pair of modulation electrodes 431, 432, 441, 442 and arespective pair of bias electrodes 451, 452, 461, 462. The modulationelectrodes 431, 432, 441, 442 impart a modulation phase on the opticalsignal in respective arms 423, 424, 425, 426 in response to a modulationsignal. The bias electrodes 451, 452, 461, 462 impart a bias phase onthe optical signal in respective arms 423, 424, 425, 426 in response toa bias signal.

In some embodiments, the modulation and bias electrodes 431, 432, 441,442, 451, 452, 461, 462 are configured in a differential driveconfiguration. Modulation electrodes 431, 432, 441, 442 are connected toa modulation driver 404 that supplies RF modulation signals that imparta modulation phase on the optical signal passing through the arms 423,424, 425, 426. Bias electrodes 451, 452, 461, 462 are connected to abias driver 405 that supplies bias signals. The child MZMs 430, 440impart a modulation phase on the optical signals passing through arms412, 414 in response to modulation signals applied to the modulationelectrodes 431, 432, 441, 442.

Optical signals from the two arms 412, 414 of the parent MZM 420 arecombined to an output 422 at a combiner 409. Parent MZM 420 has DC biaselectrodes 471, 472 on each arm 412, 414 that are connected to a DC biasdriver 406 and AC bias electrodes 481, 491 connected to AC bias driver407. The DC and AC bias electrodes 471, 472, 481, 491 impart respectiveDC and AC bias phases on optical signals passing through respective arms412, 414. AC bias electrode 481 modulates the optical signal in arm 412with a bias signal that may operate at a high rate, and thus acts as ahigh-speed modulator. The AC bias electrode 491 modulates the opticalsignal in arm 414 with a bias signal that may operate at a high rate,and thus acts as a high-speed modulator. This is in contrast to the DCbias electrodes 471, 472 on each arm 412, 414 that impart a nominallyconstant bias phase. Thus, in some embodiments, the AC bias electrodes481, 491 are constructed differently from the DC bias electrodes 471,472 to support modulation of high-speed signals.

A controller 402 controls the modulation drivers 404, 405 and the biasdrivers 406, 407. Collectively, the drivers 404, 405, 406, 407 andcontroller 402 may be referred to as a control device 403. In variousembodiments, bias drivers 406, 407, modulation drivers 404, 405 and/orcontroller 402 are constructed from one or more electrical circuits. Invarious embodiments, the circuits may comprise FPGAs, ASICs, DSPs, ADCs,DACs, and/or other discrete circuits, alone or in combination.

One feature of the present teaching is that both a DC bias signal and anAC bias signal are applied to the parent MZM 420. This allows for a DCbias that is nominally constant over time, as well as an AC bias thatchanges with time. For example, the AC bias may change based on themodulation signal. Thus, the AC bias signal may operate at RFfrequencies. The AC bias signal rate may track, for example, the datarate, and/or the symbol rate, of the applied RF data modulation signal.In some embodiments, the AC bias signal may change based on a particularsymbol being encoded in a constellation of a phase modulated signal. Forexample, referring back to the constellation diagram 350 of the 4QAMmodulation signal described in connection with FIG. 3B, in someembodiments the AC bias signal depends on which point 334, 336, 338, 340of the constellation is being generated by the modulating signal. Saidanother way, and referring back to table 300 described in connectionwith FIG. 3C, in some embodiments the AC bias signal depends on whichsymbol of the truth table is being applied by the modulating signal. Asdescribed further below, this feature of including an AC bias signalapplied through AC bias electrodes to produce and apply data dependentAC bias phase on a superstructure MZM can result in a reduced MOIL,improved constellation Hamming distance, and/or improved linearity ofthe superstructure MZM 400 and represent a significate improvement overthe state-of-the-art.

Modulation signals are fed to each modulation electrode 431, 432, 441,442. The signals are supplied by the driver 404 and selected by thecontroller 402. The respective modulation signals correspond to I and Qdata streams provided from a data feeding source, such as a programmablecontroller (not shown) or other source. Respective bias signals are fedto some or all of bias electrode 451, 452, 461, 462, 471, 472, 481, 491as selected by the controller 402 and supplied by the drivers 405, 406,407. A look-up table associated with the controller 402 can be used tostore any or all of the data-dependent AC bias and/or DC bias valuesused to generate bias signals for the various bias electrodes describedherein. In some embodiments, the electrodes can be driven directly byhigh-speed digital-to-analog converters.

In some embodiments, the DC bias signals are configured by thecontroller 402 to bias the child MZM 430 in the first arm 412 at aminimum transmission point and to bias the child MZM 440 in the secondarm 414 at a minimum transmission point. In some embodiments, thecontroller 402 configures the driver 404 such that the RF modulationsignals for both child modulators 430, 440 supply a differential voltageof ±V_(π), which results in a 2V_(π) peak-to-peak voltage swing. In someembodiments, the RF modulation signals for both child modulators 430,440 are configured to supply a differential voltage of ±V_(π)/2, whichresults in a 1V_(π) peak-to-peak voltage swing for each child MZM 430,440.

In one embodiment according to the present teaching, the child MZM 430modulation electrodes 431,432 are differential RF electrodes forin-phase data modulation. The child MZM 440 electrodes 441,442 aredifferential RF electrodes for quadrature data modulation. The biaselectrodes 451,452 are differential in-phase DC bias electrodes forchild MZM 430. The bias electrodes 461,462 are differential quadratureDC bias electrodes for child MZM 440. The DC bias electrodes 471, 472are differential DC bias electrodes for the parent MZM 420. Also, the ACbias electrodes 481, 491 are complementary RF electrodes for modulatingdata-dependent phase shifts for AC bias of parent MZM 420.

In some embodiments, the AC bias causes the part of the quadrature phaseshift for the parent MZM 420 to include a data-modulation-dependentphase shift Δϕ in addition to a fixed, time-independent, DC bias phaseshift of Δϕ=π/2. This is a similar concept to that for which an ACsignal rides on top of a DC signal. Following this analogy, theroot-mean square (rms) value of this AC modulation imposed on thequadrature phase bias, Δϕ=π/2, is what reduces the insertion loss toeither less than 3 dB, or eliminates it completely (0 dB). This isachieved because the varying bias results in an in-phase addition, whichis also referred to as coherent addition, of the in-phase and quadratureoptical signals produced by child MZM 430 and child MZM 440,respectively. This is in contrast to known superstructure modulatorsthat rely on conventional quadrature addition provided by a Δϕ=π/2 DCbias only, which is an incoherent addition of the I and Q signals. TheAC bias on the parent modulator 420 of the IQ Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator system 400 of the present teaching can provideup to a 3 dB reduction in MOIL as compared to an IQ Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator systems without an AC bias applied to theparent modulator.

While the discussion associated with the embodiment of FIG. 4 isdescribed in connection with a differential drive configuration, oneskilled in the art will appreciate that numerous other driveconfigurations and electrode configurations can be used. For example,single electrode modulation schemes and/or single electrode biasconfigurations can also be used for any or all of the child MZMs 430,440 and the parent MZM 420.

FIG. 5A illustrates a table 500 including a symbol truth table, DC andAC bias phase, and field and intensity values at an output for anembodiment of a Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator configured for4QAM operation according to the present teaching. The table 500illustrates a 2V_(π) applied modulation voltage method. Such a table canbe associated with, for example, an embodiment of the IQ Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator system 400 described in connection with FIG. 4in which the child MZMs 430, 440 are biased at a minimum transmissionand applied peak-to-peak modulation signal voltage is 2V_(π).

A mathematical description of operation is as follows. In the proposedscheme, as shown in table 500, each symbol of an applied modulation isassociated with an applied phase value, Δ{tilde over (ϕ)}(t) that is alogical XOR operation of the applied modulation phase for the in-phasemodulator 430, Δϕ₁(t), and the applied modulation phase for thequadrature modulator 440, Δϕ_(Q)(t). The output field of modulatorsystem 400 may be described by the following equations:

$E = {\frac{E_{0}}{\sqrt{2}}\left\lbrack {{\left( {\exp\left( {j\left( {{\varphi_{I}(t)} - \frac{\pi}{2}} \right)} \right)} \right) \cdot {\exp\left( {j \pm \frac{\Delta\overset{\sim}{\Phi}}{2}} \right)}} \pm {{{\exp\left( {j\;{\Delta\Phi}} \right)} \cdot {\exp\left( {j\;\overset{\_}{+}\frac{\Delta\overset{\sim}{\Phi}}{2}} \right)} \cdot}\left( {\exp\left( {j\left( {{\varphi_{Q}(t)} - \frac{\pi}{2}} \right)} \right)} \right)}} \right\rbrack}$$E = {\frac{E_{0}}{\sqrt{2}}\left\lbrack {{{\left( {\exp\left( {j\left( {{\varphi_{I}(t)} - \frac{\pi}{2}} \right)} \right)} \right) \cdot \exp}\left( {j \pm \frac{\Delta\overset{\sim}{\Phi}}{2}} \right)} \pm {{j \cdot \exp}{\left( {j\;\overset{\_}{+}\frac{\Delta\overset{\sim}{\Phi}}{2}} \right) \cdot}\left( {\exp\left( {j\left( {{\varphi_{Q}(t)} - \frac{\pi}{2}} \right)} \right)} \right)}} \right\rbrack}$where Δ{tilde over (ϕ)}(t)≈Φ₁(t)⊕Φ_(Q)(t), and where ⊕ corresponds to alogical XOR operation. In addition, to getting an average of

${{\Delta{\overset{\sim}{\Phi}(t)}} \approx \frac{\pi}{2}},{{\Delta{\overset{\sim}{\Phi}(t)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{whenever}\mspace{14mu}\frac{\Delta{\overset{\sim}{\Phi}(t)}}{2}} = {\pm \frac{\pi}{4}}}},\mspace{14mu}{and}$$\mspace{14mu}{{\Delta{\overset{\sim}{\Phi}(t)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{whenever}\mspace{14mu}\frac{\Delta{\overset{\sim}{\Phi}(t)}}{2}} = {\overset{\_}{+}{\frac{\pi}{4}.}}}}$The table 500 presents the complex field, E, and the intensity, I=|E|²for each symbol in the 4QAM constellation.

FIG. 5B illustrates a phase diagram 520 representing output signalpoints for an embodiment of a Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulatorconfigured for 4QAM operation according to the present teaching and aknown 4QAM-configured Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator. This phasediagram 520 illustrates a 2V_(π) applied peak-to-peak modulation voltagemethod. Referring both the table 500 described in connection with FIG.5A and to the phase diagram 520 described in connection with FIG. 5B,the vectors 501, 502 represent one respective path each for a symbol“0”, with vector 501 being the in-phase vector and vector 502 being thequadrature vector. Following along with the row for symbol “00”, thein-phase vector 501 gets an AC-bias phase shift of

${+ \frac{\pi}{4}},$which is shown by a positive 45° phase angle 540, and the quadraturevector 502 is phase shifted by AC bias phase of

${- \frac{\pi}{4}},$which is shown by a negative 45° phase angle 541. These vectors are thenadded “in-phase” to produce the symbol as point 510 with E=1+j. This isin contrast to a quadrature addition that results from no AC biasapplied that leads to symbol 340 with E=0.7+0.7j similar to the examplepresented in connection with FIG. 3A. AC bias phases for the othersymbols in the constellation that are provided in the table 500described in connection with FIG. 5 are also shown. The phase rotationsof the outputs of the child MZMs 430, 440 are data-dependent at thecombiner of the parent MZM 420, as different applied symbols result indifferent biases applied to electrodes 481, 491, and the associateddifferent phase shifts in each arm 412, 414 of the parent MZM 420.

FIG. 5C illustrates a constellation diagram 560 representing themodulated output signal for an embodiment of a Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator configured for 4QAM operation of the presentteaching and a known 4QAM-configured Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator. This phase diagram 520 illustrates a 2V_(π) peak swingapplied modulation voltage embodiment. It is clear that the resultingpoints 510, 511, 512, 513 representing an output from a Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator of the present teaching have higher amplitudetransmission than corresponding points 334,336,338,340 for knownsuperstructure modulators. The resulting MOIL improvement is calculatedtheoretically to be 3.01 dB. A simulation of the resulting MOIL yieldedthe same value. The in-phase addition symbol points 510, 511, 512, 513each exhibit a separation from the plot origin of ±1.0±1.0j. Such anincrease in the separation improves the signal strength for morerobustly traversing a channel. Such an increase in the separationimproves the ability of a coherent receiver to decode and correctlyidentify the transmitted symbols. Furthermore, the in-phase addition ofthe quadrature signals reduces the insertion loss associated with themodulator.

One feature of the methods and apparatus of present teaching is that itcan be applied to numerous phase-based modulation schemes that areproduced by MZM superstructure modulators. This includes the QPSK and4QAM format described above. This also includes, for example, variousnQAM modulation formats for which the value n can take on numerousvalues including, for example, n=4, 8, 16, 64, 256, etc. The modulatedoptical signal from a Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of thepresent teaching may carry information, for example, by means of symbolsselected from a set of at least two, four, or more different symbols.

One aspect of the present teaching is that, in some embodiments certainadvantages can be achieved when the in-phase and quadrature componentsof the nQAM signals are rotated using the AC bias phase in thetwo-dimensional complex plane (I−Q) by data dependent phase angles thatare complementary to each other.

As described below in the description associated with FIGS. 6A-6C, thesuperstructure modulator 400 described in connection with FIG. 4 canalso be used to generate even higher-order signal constellations such as16QAM and 64QAM and/or to generate nQAM signals with high linearity andreduced MOIL. The system and method of the present teaching therebyrelaxes the requirement of having a non-linear signal constellationanalyzer as a last signal processing block on the receive-side digitalsignal processor to do decision operations on received symbols andperform symbol-to-bits mapping operations. These features cansubstantially reduce cost, complexity and/or size weight and powerconsumption of the receiver.

FIG. 6A illustrates a constellation diagram 600 representing themodulated output signal for an embodiment of a Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator configured for 16QAM operation with 1V_(π)drive operating point of the present teaching and a known16QAM-configured Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator. FIG. 6Aillustrates an improvement for a 16QAM simulation where the insertionloss may be calculated by calculating 9.0/5.0=1.8 and using the equation10*log 10(1.8)=2.55 dB (in theory) and 2.61 dB (in simulation) for a 1Vπ case. This corresponds to an MOIL improvement of 2.61 dB compared toMOIL of 8.55 dB. The MOIL of 8.55 dB includes 3 dB due to quadratureaddition, +3 dB due to 1V_(π) under-drive, and +2.55 dB due topeak-to-average ratio of PAM4 signal.

FIG. 6B illustrates a constellation diagram representing the modulatedoutput signal for an embodiment of a Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator configured for 16QAM operation with 2V_(π) drive of thepresent teaching and a known 16QAM-configured Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator. FIG. 6B illustrates an improvement for a 16QAMsimulation where the insertion loss may be calculated by calculating9.0/5.0=1.8 and 3 dB+10*log 10(1.8)=5.55 dB (in theory) and 5.79 dB (insimulation) for a 2Vπ case. This corresponds to an MOIL improvement of5.79 dB again compared to MIOL of 5.55 dB. However, the 1QAMconstellation is somewhat distorted as 16QAM constellation points do nothave equal Hamming distance.

FIG. 6C illustrates a constellation diagram representing the modulatedoutput signal for an embodiment of a Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator configured for 16QAM operation with 2V_(π) drive andlinearization of the present teaching and a known 16QAM-configuredMach-Zehnder superstructure modulator. The more linear signalconstellation may be generated where signal constellation points have anequal Hamming distance of 2. This linearity improvement can, forexample, improve the receiver sensitivity and/or make the system moretolerant of loss and noise. This configuration yields a 5.53 dBreduction in the MOIL compared to theoretical MOIL of 5.55 dB. In otherwords, we have recovered most of the lost signal power at thetransmitter that is associated with prior art amplitude- and/orphase-based optical modulators. For some applications, a small increasein MOIL is well worth the associated improvement in linearity. FIGS.6A-6C indicates that the symbols for the in-phase addition cases havemaximum power transmission, which may be an advantage over other 16QAMmodulation schemes.

The data-dependent phase shifts of the AC bias for the 4QAM or QPSKembodiments may be implemented as

${\pm \frac{\pi}{4}},$which happens to be an equal and opposite configuration. This biascondition can still be referred to as a differential AC bias driveconfiguration although the RF drive signals are complementary because anequal and opposite bias phase is applied to the two arms 412, 414 of theparent MZM 420 whose sum is

$\frac{\pi}{2}.$In general, however, the data-dependent AC bias phase is not necessarilyof the same magnitude for each arm 412, 414. Rather, in someembodiments, especially those with larger constellations, the AC biasphase is applied as a complementary phase bias. That is, the applied ACbias phase totals 90° so that an AC bias phase of X° is applied to onearm 412, and 90-X° is applied to the other arm 414. This is the case forsignals that fall in the 0-90° quadrant of the phase diagram. The effectof the additional phase from the AC bias is to move a vector associatedwith the in-phase component of the desired symbol point and a vectorassociated with the quadrature component of the desired symbol pointtoward each other such that they add constructively “in-phase”. Notethat the differential AC bias drive of the 4QAM or QPSK embodiments is aspecial case of a complementary phase bias with equal magnitude.

Thus, for some embodiments, for example QPSK or 4QAM, for all foursymbols the complementary phase shift of π/4 can be selected so that thetotal path phase shift of all four paths are equal. That is, theamplitudes of the applied phase biases are the same magnitude. Invarious other embodiments, in particular those with larger constellationsize, the amplitude of the applied phase biases are not all the samemagnitude. As the number of symbols increases, the applied bias phasesgenerally increase in number. In practice, these applied biases can bepredetermined and provided in a look up table that is accessed by thecontrol device 403.

FIG. 7A illustrates a phase diagram 700 for a 16QAM constellation. FIG.7B illustrates a table 750 of a symbol and associated phase andamplitude of the transmitted optical carrier representing the symbolassociated with the phase diagram 700 of FIG. 7A. Retelling to bothfigures, symbol point 702 has a respective vector 704 with an amplitudeand a phase angle 706. The vectors' 704, 708, 710, 716 amplitudes andphase angles 706, 712, 714 shown indicate that there are three phaseangles 706, 712, 714 in each quadrant, for example, the three phaseangles 706, 712, 714 of the 0-90-degree quadrant. Vector 710 and vector716 have the same 45-degree phase angle 712. The points at the end ofvectors 704, 708, 710, 716 represent the four symbols 752 shown in thetable 750. It is possible to determine for each signal point, e.g. point702, the complementary AC bias phase to be applied to each electrode481, 491 for each of the four symbols 752 indicated in table 750. Insome embodiments, this predetermined symbol-based complementary phasecan be stored in a look up table that can be accessed by the controldevice 403.

One feature of the present teaching is that it can be applied todual-polarization multiplexed IQ Mach-Zehnder modulators. Suchmodulators can advantageously provide twice the data capacity peroptical carrier as compared to single polarization modulators.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a dual-polarization IQ Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator system 800 of the present teaching. Adual-polarization IQ Mach-Zehnder superstructure 802 includes two IQMach-Zehnder superstructure modulators 804, 806, one in each arm of thedual-polarization IQ Mach-Zehnder superstructure 802. For example, theseIQ Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulators 804, 806 can be the IQMach-Zehnder superstructure modulator 420 described in connection withFIG. 4. Each IQ Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator 804, 806 issupplied modulation signals and bias signals by respective controldevices 808, 810 that may be the same or similar to the control device403 as described in connection with FIG. 4. An input optical carrier issplit to supply an optical signal to each of the IQ Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulators 804, 806 in each arm of the dual-polarizationIQ Mach-Zehnder superstructure 802. In various embodiments, each IQMach-Zehnder superstructure modulator 804, 806 generates a modulatedoptical signal that has reduced MOIL and/or improved linearizationand/or improved Hamming distance as described herein by applying an ACbias to one or both of the superstructure modulators 804, 806. Forexample, this can be any of DPSK, QPSK, 8QAM, 16 QAM, 64 QAM or otherphase modulated optical signals. A polarization rotator is used torotate the output of the signal from IQ Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator 806 to construct an output signal that includes modulatedoptical signals in two orthogonal polarizations at an output of thedual-polarization IQ Mach-Zehnder superstructure 802. This is sometimesreferred to as a polarization multiplexed optical signal or adual-polarization optical signal.

The system and method of the present teaching can be applied to MZMsthat are fabricated using any of a variety know materials. For example,MZM modulators of the present teaching can be constructed using LithiumNiobate, Indium Phosphide, Gallium Arsenide, and/or Silicon Photonicstechnology. Some embodiments of the MZM superstructure in-phase andquadrature phase optical modulator may additionally include two childMZMs. The embodiments described herein can simultaneously improvelinearity as well as reduce the MOIL due to, for example, quadratureaddition loss, peak-to-average power ratio loss of electrical drivingpulse amplitude modulation signals, and/or loss due to under-driving thechild MZMs to generate nQAM signals.

Some embodiments of the system and method of present teaching includeelectrically driving the two high-speed phase modulators which rotatein-phase and quadrature-phase components of the nQAM signals in thecomplex plane (I-Q) by data dependent phase angles which arecomplementary to each other. Furthermore, some embodiments can implementan algorithm, described herein, to compute two-complementary phaseangles for nQAM signal generation that allow electrically driving childin-phase and quadrature MZMs with a peak-to-peak voltage swing of2V_(π), or a voltage swing between 1V_(π) and 2 V_(π). Alternatively oradditionally, some embodiments of the system and methods of the presentteaching construct a look-up table that stores the two-complementarydata-dependent phase angles on the transmit-side that is accessible to adigital signal processor that generates data-dependent phase angles atthe baud rate using two high-speed digital-to-analog converters.

EQUIVALENTS

While the Applicant's teaching is described in conjunction with variousembodiments, it is not intended that the Applicant's teaching be limitedto such embodiments. On the contrary, the Applicant's teaching encompassvarious alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, as will beappreciated by those of skill in the art, which may be made thereinwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the teaching.

What is claimed is:
 1. An optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulatorcomprising: a) an optical splitter having an input configured to receivean input optical signal, the optical splitter splitting the receivedinput optical signal to provide a first optical signal to a firstoptical path and a second optical signal to a second optical path; b) afirst child Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) optically coupled to the firstoptical path, the first child Mach-Zehnder modulator imparting a firstmodulation phase on the first optical signal in response to a firstmodulation signal to produce a first modulation phase optical signal; c)a first high-speed optical modulator optically coupled to the firstchild MZM, the first high-speed optical modulator being configured tophase shift a first AC bias phase on the first modulation phase opticalsignal from the first child MZM in response to a first AC bias signal toproduce a first AC phase bias optical signal; d) a second childMach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) optically coupled to the second opticalpath, the second child Mach-Zehnder modulator imparting a secondmodulation phase on the second optical signal in response to a secondmodulation signal to produce a second modulation phase optical signal;e) a second high-speed modulator optically coupled to the second childMZM, the second high-speed modulator being configured to phase shift asecond AC bias phase on the second modulation phase optical signal fromthe second child MZM in response to a second AC bias signal to produce asecond AC phase bias optical signal; f) an optical combiner having afirst input optically coupled to the first high-speed optical modulatorand a second input optically coupled to the second high-speed opticalmodulator, the optical combiner combining the first and second AC phasebias optical signals from the first and second high-speed modulators toprovide an output optical signal at an output; and g) at least onedriver that provides the first modulation signal to the first child MZM,provides the second modulation signal to the second child MZM, providesthe first AC bias signal to the first high-speed modulator, and providesthe second AC bias signal to the second high-speed modulator, whereinthe at least one driver is configured such that at least one of thefirst and second AC bias signal is a function of at least one of thefirst and second modulation signal.
 2. The optical Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator of claim 1 wherein the at least one driver isconfigured so that the first and second AC bias phases comprisecomplementary phase angles.
 3. The optical Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator of claim 1 wherein the at least one driver is configured sothat at least one of the first and second AC bias phase comprises$a + \frac{\pi}{4}$ bias phase and the other of the first and second ACbias phase comprises a $- \frac{\pi}{4}$ bias phase.
 4. The opticalMach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of claim 1 wherein the opticalMach-Zehnder superstructure modulator is configured at a quadrature biaspoint.
 5. The optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of claim 1wherein the at least one driver is configured so that at least one ofthe first and second modulation signal comprises a phase shift keyingmodulation signal.
 6. The optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulatorof claim 1 wherein the at least one driver is configured so that atleast one of the first and second modulation signal comprises anin-phase phase shift keying modulation signal.
 7. The opticalMach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of claim 6 wherein the at leastone driver is configured so that the other of the first and secondmodulation signal comprises a quadrature phase shift keying modulationsignal.
 8. The optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of claim 1wherein the at least one driver is configured so that at least one ofthe first and second modulation signal comprises an amplitude modulationsignal.
 9. The optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of claim 1wherein the at least one driver is configured so that at least one ofthe first and second modulation signal comprises an in-phase amplitudemodulation signal.
 10. The optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulatorof claim 9 wherein the at least one driver is configured so that theother of the first and second modulation signal comprises a quadraturephase amplitude modulation signal.
 11. The optical Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator of claim 1 wherein the at least one driver isconfigured so that at least one of the first and second modulationsignal comprises a V_(π) peak-to-peak voltage swing.
 12. The opticalMach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of claim 1 wherein the at leastone driver is configured so that at least one of the first and secondmodulation signal comprises a 2V_(π) peak-to-peak voltage swing.
 13. Theoptical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of claim 1 wherein atleast one of the first and second high-speed optical modulator comprisean electrode configured to impart at least one of the first and secondAC bias phase on at least one of the first and second modulation phaseoptical signal.
 14. The optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator ofclaim 1 wherein the at least one driver is configured so that at leastone of the first and second AC bias signal changes based on a particularsymbol encoded in at least one of the first and second modulationsignal.
 15. The optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of claim 1wherein the at least one driver is configured so that at least one ofthe first and second AC bias signals are chosen to provide a desiredmodulated optical insertion loss (MOIL) of the optical Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator.
 16. The optical Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator of claim 1 wherein the at least one driver is configured sothat at least one of the first and second AC bias signals are chosen toprovide a reduction of a modulated optical insertion loss (MOIL) of theoptical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator.
 17. The opticalMach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of claim 16 wherein the reductionof the modulated optical insertion loss (MOIL) of the opticalMach-Zehnder superstructure modulator comprises a 3 dB reduction of themodulated optical insertion loss (MOIL).
 18. The optical Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator of claim 1 wherein the at least one driver isconfigured so that at least one of the first and second AC bias signalsare chosen to provide a desired linearity of the output optical signal.19. The optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of claim 1 whereinthe at least one driver is configured so that at least one of the firstand second AC bias signals are chosen to provide a desired Hammingdistance of the output optical signal.
 20. The optical Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator of claim 1 wherein the at least one drivercomprises a look-up table that stores data-dependent phase angles. 21.The optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of claim 1 wherein theoptical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator is constructed using atleast one of Lithium Niobate, Indium Phosphide, Gallium Arsenide, orSilicon Photonics technology.
 22. The optical Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator of claim 1 wherein the at least one driver isconfigured so that the output optical signal comprises at least one of aDPSK, QPSK, 4QAM, 8QAM, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM optical signal.
 23. Theoptical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulator of claim 1 furthercomprising a second optical Mach-Zehnder superstructure modulatorconfigured in parallel with the optical Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator, wherein the output of the optical Mach-Zehnder superstructuremodulator and an output of the second optical Mach-Zehndersuperstructure modulator are combined with a combiner so as to generatea polarization multiplexed optical signal.